Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles, leading to increased pressure inside the skull. This fluid buildup can cause the ventricles to enlarge, compressing brain tissues and potentially leading to brain damage. Hydrocephalus can occur at any age but is most common in infants and older adults. If left untreated, it can affect brain function and cause significant neurological problems.

Causes

Hydrocephalus can be caused by a variety of factors, including congenital defects, such as spina bifida, infections during pregnancy, or complications from premature birth. In other cases, hydrocephalus may develop later in life due to head injuries, brain tumors, meningitis, or a blockage that prevents normal drainage of CSF. Sometimes, the cause of hydrocephalus remains unknown, particularly in cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus, which often affects the elderly.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary by age and severity of the condition. In infants, common signs include a rapid increase in head size, bulging of the soft spot on the skull, vomiting, irritability, and seizures. In older children and adults, symptoms may include persistent headaches, difficulty walking, vision problems, memory loss, poor coordination, and urinary incontinence. In elderly patients, hydrocephalus may cause cognitive decline, similar to dementia, along with difficulty in movement.

Treatment

The primary treatment for hydrocephalus is the surgical insertion of a shunt system, which drains excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body, typically the abdomen, where it can be absorbed. In some cases, an alternative procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) may be performed, allowing CSF to bypass the blockage. Ongoing monitoring is essential after surgery to ensure proper shunt function. In addition to surgery, physical and cognitive therapy may be recommended to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.