Stroke

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This can lead to brain cells dying within minutes. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic stroke, caused by a blockage in an artery supplying blood to the brain, and hemorrhagic stroke, caused by a burst blood vessel. Strokes are a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial to minimize brain damage and improve recovery chances.

Causes

The most common cause of an ischemic stroke is the formation of a blood clot in arteries that supply the brain, often due to atherosclerosis or a buildup of plaque in the arteries. Hemorrhagic strokes are usually caused by high blood pressure that weakens blood vessels or an aneurysm that bursts. Other risk factors include smoking, diabetes, heart disease, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and heavy alcohol use. Family history and age can also increase the risk of having a stroke.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a stroke typically come on suddenly and include weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs, often on one side of the body. Other signs include difficulty speaking, slurred speech, confusion, vision problems, severe headaches, dizziness, and loss of coordination. A key acronym to remember is FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, and Time to call emergency services. Immediate medical attention can prevent severe brain damage or death.

Treatment

Treatment for a stroke depends on the type and severity. In ischemic strokes, clot-busting medications, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are often administered to restore blood flow. Mechanical thrombectomy, a procedure to remove the clot, may also be an option. For hemorrhagic strokes, surgery may be necessary to repair the blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. Long-term rehabilitation, including physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy, helps stroke survivors regain lost functions and improve their quality of life.